无症状性颈动脉狭窄(aCAS)指既往6个月内无颈动脉狭窄所致的卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或其他相关神经症状,可有头晕、反应迟钝、头痛等症状。aCAS,尤其是中重度aCAS是卒中发生的重要危险因素,相关研究显示,约3.5%的首次缺血性卒中归因于50%以上狭窄的aCAS。一项基于人群的队列研究、系统综述和荟萃分析表明,卒中风险与同侧aCAS程度呈线性相关,相比于狭窄程度在50%~69%的aCAS患者,狭窄程度在70%~99%的患者卒中风险高出2倍(OR=2.1);狭窄程度在80%~99%的患者卒中风险高出2.5倍(OR=2.5)。此外,狭窄程度在50%~69%的aCAS患者5年内同侧卒中发生率为0%,而狭窄程度在70%~99%的患者发生率将提高到14.6%。早期证据显示,内外科治疗可能降低aCAS相关性卒中风险。但2021年一份国际、多专业、专家评审和立场声明指出,尽管当前全球至少有25个aCAS相关指南或共识,但对于aCAS的最佳治疗方式临床仍存较大争议。
aCAS的最佳治疗方式临床争议点
临床关于aCAS的最佳治疗方式争议之一在于——aCAS最佳治疗方式是药物治疗,还是外科内膜剥脱手术(CEA)或颈动脉内支架(CAS)治疗?
药物治疗方面,在降低aCAS患者中风和死亡率效果方面,高强度他汀类药物、前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(PCSK9)抑制剂似乎与保守治疗效果相似;外科手术治疗方面,得益于过去20年来临床成像和外科技术的进步,卒中高风险人群识别率有所增加,围手术期卒中和死亡率均有所降低,手术治疗对aCAS患者的益处可能被低估。
此外,aCAS与进行性认知功能障碍的关系,以及关于颈动脉血运重建程序逆转/阻止进展的能力认知能力下降的作用也仍有待阐明。
aCAS的最佳药物(BMT)治疗
对于aCAS患者而言,目前BMT支柱是戒烟、使用他汀类药物和抗血小板药物、降压治疗和血糖控制。相关研究显示,采用高强度他汀、PCSK9抑制剂等药物,可使aCAS>50%的患者同侧脑卒中年发生率逐渐下降。另有研究发现,接受BMT的无症状颈动脉狭窄患者,每5年可降低24%的同侧脑卒中风险,女性、颈动脉狭窄50%~69%的患者获益更大。因此,临床多建议aCAS患者使用他汀类药物+依折麦布进行降脂治疗,以长期预防中风、心肌梗死(MI)和其他心血管事件的发生。
PCSK9抑制剂是一种人源化单克隆抗体,相关研究显示,PCSK9抑制剂将高危患者的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平降低70%,并使已接受他汀类药物治疗的患者心血管事件继续降低。2023年欧洲血管外科学会(ESVS)颈动脉指南建议:对于他汀类药物不耐受同时接受或未接受依折麦布治疗的血脂异常aCAS患者,可使用PCSK9抑制剂进行降脂治疗(IIa级,证据水平:C)。
aCAS的外科治疗
aCAS的外科治疗包含颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)、颈动脉粥样硬化支架术(CAS)和经颈动脉血运重建术(TCAR)等。
颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)
一项队列研究纳入了3824例狭窄程度在70%~99%的aCAS患者,并对比了BMT与CEA+BMT在预防同侧卒中方面的疗效。中位随访68个月发现,相比于单独BMT,CEA+BMT卒中风险降低2.6%,差异具有统计学意义。但该研究为非随机对照研究,且两组患者基线资料(风险因素和合并症)不匹配。2022年美国《血管外科学会颈动脉指南》指出,中重度aCAS患者从CEA中获益更大,建议采用CEA+BMT的策略,以预防狭窄程度>70%的aCAS患者卒中和死亡风险(推荐级别:1级[强];证据质量:B[中等])。但也有系统性综述指出,接受CEA给患者带来的益处,或与狭窄程度无关。
颈动脉粥样硬化支架术(CAS)
一项系统综述和荟萃分析表明,当考虑围手术前期和围手术期卒中、MI和死亡的复合终点时,经股动脉颈动脉内支架术(TF-CAS)和CEA似乎对aCAS患者同样有效。但单独风险之间二者存在差异,相比于CEA,接受TF-CAS的aCAS患者任何围手术期卒中(OR=1.62)和非致残性卒中(OR=1.81)风险均显著增加,而致残性卒中和死亡二者间无显著差异(OR=0.91)。其他荟萃分析也有类似地发现,在死亡、任何原因的卒中和MI复合风险方面,两种治疗方式之间无显著差异,但在单独的卒中、死亡方面,接受TF-CAS的患者预后更差。
此外,在预防卒中发生方面,CEA联合BMT似乎并不能提升治疗效果。最近,SPACE-2试验公布了5年研究结果,这项多中心随机对照试验纳入了513例50~85岁的aCAS患者。患者随机接受CEA+BMT(CEA-BMT)、TF-CAS+BMT(TF-CAS-BMT)或BMT(BMT),中位随访时间59.9个月。主要研究结局为30天内任何原因引起的卒中或死亡,以及5年内任何同侧缺血性卒中的累积发病率。研究结果显示,CEA-BMT组累积发病率为2.5%、TF-CAS-BMT为4.4%、单独BMT为3.1%,即无论是CEA还是TF-CAS与BMT联用,治疗效果并未优于单独BMT。不过,该研究样本量较小,建议谨慎解释结果。另外一项回顾性队列分析也发现,在5年致命性和非致命性卒中发生率方面,接受TF-CAS和BMT的患者风险分别为6.9%和7.1%,差异无统计学意义。
经颈动脉血运重建术(TCAR)
过去几年,TCAR已成为TF-CAS的一种替代性混合/血管内选择方式。几项非随机研究报告称,相比于TF-CAS,TCAR与较低的卒中和死亡率相关,但与CEA相比无显著差异。但目前对于TCAR的确切疗效仍不明确,一方面尚未有临床随机对照研究比较过TCAR与CEA、TF-CAS或BMT的疗效;另一方面,TCAR尚未在全球广泛使用,因此相关循证医学证据仍不足。
小结
尽管全球已经有超过25项与aCAS相关的指南或专家共识,但临床关于aCAS的治疗最佳策略仍存争议。就现有医学证据来看,BMT在降低aCAS患者卒中风险的作用是比较明确的,CEA、TF-CAS和TCAR在降低aCAS患者卒中或死亡风险方面,并未明显优于单独的BMT。若患者血管风险因素,如低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、收缩压和高密度脂蛋白水平等能够得到有效控制,则更有利于降低aCAS患者卒中发生风险。综合现有医学证据和相关指南,建议对于aCAS患者的管理,应充分结合患者个体需求和特征,临床判断等,提供个体化的管理和治疗策略,造福广大aCAS患者。
参考资料
[1] AbuRahma AF, Avgerinos ED, Chang RW, et al. Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines for management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75:4Se22S.
[2] AbuRahma AF, Avgerinos ED, Chang RW, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery implementation document for management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75:26Se98S.
[3] Naylor R, Rantner B, Ancetti S, et al, ESVS guidelines committee. Editor’s choice - European society for vascular surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on the management of atherosclerotic carotid and vertebral artery disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2023;65:7e111.
[4] Kim BK, Hong SJ, Lee YJ, et al, RACING Investigators. Long-term ef[1]ficacy and safety of moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe com[1]bination therapy versus high-intensity statin monotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (RACING): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2022;400: 380e390.
[5] Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Wiviott SD, et al. Open-Label Study of Long-Term Evaluation against LDL Cholesterol (OSLER) Investigators. Efficacy and safety of evolocumab in reducing lipids and cardio[1]vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1500e1509.
[6] Kiyosue A, Honarpour N, Kurtz C, Xue A, Wasserman SM, Hirayama A. A phase 3 study of evolocumab (AMG 145) in statin-treated Japanese patients at high cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:40e47
[7] Howard DPJ, Gaziano L, Rothwell PM, Oxford Vascular Study. Risk of stroke in relation to degree of asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a population-based cohort study, systematic review, and meta-anal[1]ysis. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:193e202
[8] Bonati LJ, Jansen O, de Borst GJ, Brown MM. Management of atherosclerotic extracranial carotid artery stenosis. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:273e283.
[9] Gasior SA, O’Donnell JPM, Davey M, et al. Optimal management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2023;65:690e699.
[10] Kim JW, Regenhardt RW, D’Amato SA, et al. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a summary of current state of evidence for revascu[1]larization and emerging high-risk features. J Neurointerv Surg. 2023;15:717e722.
[11] Wang J, Bai X, Wang T, Dmytriw AA, Patel AB, Jiao L. Carotid stenting versus endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2022;53:3047e3054.
[12] Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Antignani PL, et al. Optimal manage[1]ment of asymptomatic carotid stenosis in 2021: the Jury is still out. An international, multispecialty, Expert review and position state[1]ment. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31:106182.
[13] Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Baradaran H, et al. Management of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis may need to Be indi[1]vidualized: a multidisciplinary call for action. J Stroke. 2021;23: 202e212
[14] Chang RW, Pimentel N, Tucker LY, et al. A comparative effectiveness study of carotid intervention for long-term stroke prevention in pa[1]tients with severe asymptomatic stenosis from a large integrated health system. J Vasc Surg. 2023;78:1239e1247.e4.
[15] Poorthuis MHF, Solomon Y, Herings RAR, et al. Temporal trends and determinants of stroke risk in patients with medically treated asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2023;54:1735e1749.
[16] Spence JD, Coates V, Li H, et al. Effects of intensive medical therapy on microemboli and cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:180e186.
[17] Marquardt L, Geraghty OC, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Low risk of ipsi[1]lateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis on best medical treatment: a prospective, population-based study. Stroke. 2010;41:e11ee17.
[18] Abbott AL. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke. 2009;40: e573ee583.
[19] Abbott A. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis–it’s time to stop operating. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008;4:4e5.
[20] Liapis CD, Eckstein HH, Paraskevas KI, Cronenwett JL. Emerging evi[1]dence suggests that patients with high-grade asymptomatic carotid stenosis should be revascularized. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75:23Se25S.
[21] Halliday A, Bulbulia R, Bonati LH, et al, ACST-2 Collaborative Group. Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2): a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy. Lancet. 2021;398:1065e1073.
[22] Matsumura JS, Hanlon BM, Rosenfield K, et al. Treatment of carotid stenosis in asymptomatic, nonoctagenarian, standard risk patients with stenting versus endarterectomy trials. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75: 1276e1281.
[23] Saratzis A, Naylor R. 30 Day outcomes after carotid interventions: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in asymp[1]tomatic patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022;63:157e158.
[24] Rosenfield K, Matsumura JS, Chaturvedi S, et al, ACT Investigators. Randomized trial of stent versus surgery for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1021e1031.
[25] Silver FL, Mackey A, Clark WM, et al, CREST Investigators. Safety of stenting and endarterectomy by symptomatic status in the carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial (CREST). Stroke. 2011;42:675e680.
[26] Gurm HS, Yadav JS, Fayad P, et al, SAPPHIRE Investigators. Long[1]term results of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1572e1579.
[27] Reiff T, Eckstein HH, Mansmann U, et al. Angioplasty in asymptom[1]atic carotid artery stenosis vs. endarterectomy compared to best medical treatment: one-year interim results of SPACE-2. Int J Stroke. 2019;15:1747493019833017.
[28] Mannheim D, Karmeli R. A prospective randomized trial comparing endarterectomy to stenting in severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis. J Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;58:814e817.
[29] Reiff T, Eckstein HH, Mansmann U, et al, SPACE-2 Investigators. Ca[1]rotid endarterectomy or stenting or best medical treatment alone for moderate-to-severe asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: 5-year results of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:877e888.
[30] Keyhani S, Cheng EM, Hoggatt K, et al. Comparative effectiveness of carotid stenting to medical therapy among patients with asymp[1]tomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2022;53:1157e1166.
[31] Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, Messig M, et al, SPARCL Investigators. Relative and cumulative effects of lipid and blood pressure control in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels trial. Stroke. 2009;40:2486e2492.
[32] 中国卒中学会科学声明专家组.中国卒中学会关于无症状性颈动脉狭窄筛查的科学声明[J].中华医学杂志,2022,102(3):175-179.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210728-01674.
NEJM:无症状性颈动脉狭窄:支架不劣于动脉内膜切除术
0 2016-02-18 点击查看
Stroke:无症状性颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术与动脉内膜切除术如何选择?
0 2017-07-06 点击查看
JAMA Neurol:影像学高风险斑块特征的无症状颈动脉狭窄患者其缺血性脑血管事件风险增加
0 2020-08-10 点击查看
Lancet Neurology:无症状颈动脉狭窄程度与卒中风险的关系:一项基于人群的队列研究、系统回顾和荟萃分析
0 2021-03-10 点击查看
Stroke:无症状颈动脉狭窄患者进行CABG合并CEA术的5年结果
0 2022-09-11 点击查看
EJN:心血管健康研究中心房颤动患者的高危颈动脉斑块和缺血性卒中事件
0 2023-04-21 点击查看